IFR 6970 User manual

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Operating Manual

RF POWER METER

6970

IFR Ltd. 2000

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form

or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,

or recorded by any information storage or retrieval system, without

permission in writing by IFR Ltd.

Printed in the UK

Manual part no. 46882-182

Issue 12

23 February 2000

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46882-182 App-A-1

Appendix A

POWER MEASUREMENT ERROR ANALYSIS

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................A-1

ERROR SOURCES...................................................................................................A-1

Instrumentation Error.....................................................................................A-1

Mismatch Error..............................................................................................A-1

Power reference uncertainty ..........................................................................A-2

Calculating measurement uncertainty............................................................A-2

Typical uncertainty calculations....................................................................A-3

INTRODUCTION

The 6970 uses the customary technique of power measurement of a sensor element at the

power source with a remote signal processing unit. By using a microcontroller and digital signal

processing techniques, sensor correction, calibration and zeroing factors can be used to give the

best enhancement of measurement accuracy.

RF power measurements are never free from uncertainties. These can be due to

instrumentation error, mismatch uncertainty and sensor calibration uncertainty. Significant

measurement errors are possible unless these uncertainties are reduced to a minimum.

ERROR SOURCES

Instrumentation Error

The instrumentation error comes from component tolerances and calibration uncertainty

of the power meter. The total instrumentation accuracy of 6970 is typically ±0.5 %.

Mismatch Error

Large uncertainties can arise from either sensor or source mismatches. The first effect of

these mismatches is to cause a transmission loss, i.e. the sensor does not receive the maximum

available power from the source. The second effect is multiple reflections occurring between the

source and the sensor causing unpredictable transmission losses.

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POWER MEASUREMENT ERROR ANALYSIS

App-A-2 46882-182

Power reference uncertainty

When the power reference is used to calibrate the power meter and the power sensor

together, the accuracy of the reference oscillator becomes part of the overall measurement

uncertainty.

Calculating measurement uncertainty

For a source and load having complex reflection coefficients of ΓSand ΓLrespectively,

the ratio of transmitted power to maximum available power is as follows:-

L=−









−











−

1212

ΓΓ

This has a maximum of:

()

1212

−









−











−

ΓΓ

and a minimum of:

()

1212

−









−











ΓΓ

Uncertainty is usually quoted as a percentage uncertainty.

From the previous formula:-

Positive uncertainty

()

=×+ −











100 1 21

ΓΓ %

Negative uncertainty

()

=×− −











100 1 21

ΓΓ %

The positive and negative uncertainties are essentially the same for low reflection

coefficients, but as the reflection coefficients increase the positive uncertainty increases more

rapidly than the negative uncertainty. If the source and load matches are quoted as VSWRs then

they may be converted to reflection coefficients by the following simple formula:-

Γ= −

1where S is the VSWR

If the reflection coefficients are small, typically less than 0.15, the positive and negative

uncertainties can be taken to be equal and the uncertainty can be approximated by:-

Percentage uncertainty =×

200 SL

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POWER MEASUREMENT ERROR ANALYSIS

46882-182 App-A-3

Typical uncertainty calculations

(1) Calculate the mismatch uncertainty for a source reflection coefficient of 0.33 and a

sensor reflection coefficient of 0.05.

Positive uncertainty = 100 ×((1 + 0.33 ×0.05) 2−1)

= 100 ×((1 + 0.0165) 2−1)

= 100 ×(1.0333 −1)

= 3.33%

Negative uncertainty = 100 ×((1 - 0.33 ×0.05) 2−1)

= 100 ×((1 - 0.0165) 2−1)

= 100 ×(0.9673 −1)

= –3.27%

(2) Calculate the uncertainties for the source VSWR of 1.3:1 and a sensor VSWR of

1.05:1.

The VSWRs must first be turned in to reflection coefficients.

Γ=−

+==

13 1

13 1 03

23 0 130

Γ=−

+==

105 1

105 1 005

205 0 024

As both the source and sensor reflection coefficients are low we can apply the

approximation formula described previously.

Percentage uncertainty = 200 ×0.13 ×0.024

=±0.624%

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ii 46882-182

CONTENTS

PRECAUTIONS

Chapter 1 GENERAL INFORMATION

Chapter 2 INSTALLATION

Chapter 3 OPERATION

Chapter 4 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

Chapter 5 ACCEPTANCE TESTING

Appendix A POWER MEASUREMENT ERROR ANALYSIS

INDEX

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46882-182 iii

PRECAUTIONS

WARNINGS, CAUTIONS and NOTES

These terms have specific meanings in this manual:

WARNINGS contain information to prevent personal injury.

CAUTIONS contain information to prevent damage to the equipment.

Notes contain important general information.

HAZARD SYMBOLS

The meaning of hazard symbols appearing on the equipment is as follows:

Symbol Nature of hazard

Toxic hazard

Class II supply

Static sensitive component

GENERAL CONDITIONS OF USE

This product is designed and tested to comply with the requirements of IEC/EN61010-1

‘Safety requirements for electronic measuring apparatus’, for Class III hand-held equipment and

is for use in a pollution degree 2 environment. The equipment is designed to operate from an

installation Category I supply.

Equipment should be protected from the ingress of liquids and precipitation such as rain,

snow, etc. When moving the instrument from a cold to a hot environment, it is important to

allow the temperature of the instrument to stabilise before it is connected to the supply to avoid

condensation forming. The instrument must only be operated within the environmental

conditions specified in Chapter 1, ‘Performance Data’.

This product is not approved for use in hazardous atmospheres or medical applications. If

the equipment is to be used in a safety-related application, e.g. avionics or military applications,

the suitability of the product must be assessed and approved for use by a competent person.

WARNING - TOXIC HAZARDS

Some of the components used in this equipment may include resins and other materials

which give off toxic fumes if incinerated. Take appropriate precautions, therefore, in the disposal

of these items.

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iv 46882-182

WARNING - NICKEL CADMIUM

A Nickel-cadmium battery is used in this equipment. Do not crush or otherwise mutilate,

as corrosive electrolyte can be released. Do not incinerate as they may explode or release toxic

fumes.

WARNING - POWER ADAPTER

The supplied power adapter has been designed and tested in accordance with BS EN

60950 (IEC 950) ‘Safety of information technology equipment, including electrical business

equipment’, and meets the ‘SELV’ requirements of products with low voltage DC supply inputs.

The adapter conforms with IEC safety Class II incorporating double insulation in its

construction, and does not require a protective ground connection.

No user serviceable parts are contained within the adapter and no attempt should be made

to open the case.

Where a supply lead is fitted to adapters incorporating an integrally fused plug ensure that

the fuse rating is commensurate with the current requirements of the adapter. See under

‘Performance data’ in Chapter 1 for power requirements.

CAUTION - LCD HANDLING

When using this equipment take care not to depress the front of the display module, as

this may damage the liquid crystal elements.

CAUTION - STATIC SENSITIVE COMPONENTS

This equipment contains static sensitive components which may be damaged by handling

- refer to the Maintenance part of the Service Manual for handling precautions.

CAUTION - PRECISION CONNECTOR

The precision Type N connector fitted to this instrument (Option 001 only) may be

damaged by mating with a non-precision type. Damage to the connector may also occur if the

connector interface parameters are not within specification. The connector should be checked

with the appropriate gauging tool.

CAUTION - SUITABILITY FOR USE

This equipment has been designed and manufactured by IFR Ltd. to for making power

measurements in the range 0.1 nW to 25 W over a wide range of frequencies using the IFR 6900

series of power sensors.. IFR Ltd. has no control over the use of this equipment and cannot be

held responsible for events arising from its use other than for its intended purpose.

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46882-182 v

PRECAUTIONS

WARNINGS, CAUTIONS et NOTES

Les termes suivants ont, dans ce manuel, des significations particulières:

WARNINGS contient des informations pour éviter toute blessure au personnel.

CAUTIONS contient des informations pour éviter les dommages aux équipements.

Notes contient d’importantes informations d’ordre général.

SYMBOLES SIGNALANT UN RISQUE

La signification des symboles liés à cet équipement est la suivante:

Symbole Nature du risque

Danger produits toxiques

Class II supply

CONDITIONS GENERALES D’UTILISATION

Ce produit e été conçu et testé pour être conforme aux exigences des normes

CEI/EN61010-1 « Spécifications des conditions de sécurité pour instruments de mesure

électronique », pour des quipements Classe III qui tiennent dans la main et pour une utilisation

dans un environnement de pollution de niveau 2. Cet équipement est conçu pour fonctionner à

partir d'une alimentation de catégorie I.

Cet équipement doit être protégé de l'introduction de liquides ainsi que des précipitations

d'eau, de neige, etc... Lorsqu'on transporte cet instrument d'un environnement chaud vers un

environnement froid, il est important de laisser l'instrument se stabiliser en température avant de

le connecter à une alimentation afin d'éviter toute formation de condensation. L'instrument doit

être utilisé uniquement dans les conditions d'environnement spécifiées dans le chapitre 1 «

Performances » du manuel d'utilisation.

Ce produit n’est pas garanti pour fonctionner dans des atmosphères dangereuses ou pour

un usage médical. Si l'équipement doit être utilisé pour des applications en relation avec la

sécurité, par exemple des applications militaires ou aéronautiques, la compatibilité du produit

doit être établie et approuvée par une personne compétente.

WARNING - DANGER PRODUITS TOXIQUES

Certains composants utilisés dans cet appareil peuvent contenir des résines et d'autres

matières qui dégagent des fumées toxiques lors de leur incinération. Les précautions d'usages

doivent donc être prises lorsqu'on se débarrasse de ce type de composant.

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vi 46882-182

WARNING - NICKEL CADMIUM

Une batterie au cadmium nickel est utilisée dans cet équipement.

Ne pas l'écraser ou la broyer, l'électrolyte contenu est corrosif. Ne pas l'incinérer cela risque de

provoquer l'explosion et le dégagement de fumées toxiques.

WARNING - ADAPTATEUR SECTEUR

L’adaptateur secteur fourni avec l’appareil a été conçu et testé en conformité avec la

norme BSEN 60950 (CE 950) “Sécurité de équipements de technologie de l’information et

équipements électriques industriels” et suit les recommandations “SELV” des produits

comportant des entrée continues à faible voltage. L’adaptateur possédant d’origine une double

isolation conformément à la norme CEI “Sécurité Classe II”, ne requière pas de retour à la masse.

L’adaptateur ne contient pas de composants réparables et il faut absolument éviter

d’ouvrir la prise.

Lorsque le câble d’alimentation connecté à l’adaptateur contient un fusible, il faut vérifier

qu’il soit bien dimensionné.

Voir chapitre 1 “Performance data” pour la consommation.

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