Nikon S-kt User manual

MICROSCOPEmodeI

S-Kt

INSTRUCTIO

NIPPON

KOGAKUK.K.

CONTENTS

NOMENCLATURE

ATTACHINGTHELENSES .......6

(1) Mounting

the

Objectives.. 6

(2) MountingtheEyepieces

... l

(3) Mounting

the

Condenser

.. 7

ILLUMINATION .... 8

(1) CondenserlrisDiaphragm

.. g

3. (z

LightSource... g

Condenser

Focusing

Knob

. ; g

Brightness

Adjustment q

Preparation

andAdjustmentfor Observation f6

Observation

Photom

icrography

(8) Filters

(9) llluminationforVeryLowMagnifications p

(10)

Replacingthe

Bulb . . n

FOCUSTNG . . ... 13

(1)

Focusins

nOiusireni........... ....13

(21 EyepieceAdjustment ....13

(3)

CoarseFocusing .......1a

(41

PresetDevice ...14

(5)

FineFocusing ........14

(6)

Oillmmersion .....i........15

(Vl ExchangingStages . ..1b

MOVTNG

THESPECTMEN

THE

STAGE ... ..

(1) RectangularMechanical

Stage

"R" ...

l2l Circular

GlidingStage

"C" ....

PHOTOMICROGRAPHY ....18

COMBINATIONS. ...19

(1) lnterchangeableEyepieceTubes ......20

(21

lnterchangeableStages ........20

OBJECTIVES,EYEPIECES,CONDENSERS ......21

(1) Objectives ......2i

(21 Eyepieces . ....29

(3) Combinationsof Objectivesand

Eyepieces .. 23

(4)

Condensers.. .....25

(5) llluminationSystem .....25

9. CAUTIONSINHANDLINGANDMAINTENANCE -27

I. NOMENCTATURE(]YIODEL

SBR.I{I)

yep

iece

Revolving

nosepiece

Objective

Stagelock screw

ield

lens

Voltmeter

window

Field

diaphragm

ring

Lamphousing

socket

Voltage

change-over

key

Filter

holderfor 33mm

diameterfilter

Condenser

focusing

knob

(range

2Bmm)

Field

diaphragm

centering

screw

fi=

Diopter

adjusting

rrng

Interpupillary

distanceadjusting

knob

(54-74mm)

Frrcnicectilhc clamn

Screw

Slide

holder

Condenser

clamP

Lock screw

for the condenser

diaph

ragmeccentering

lever

Condenser

diaph

ragmeccenteri

leverfor oblique

illumination

Condenseririsdiaphragm

ring

Knob for longitudinaltravelof stage

Knob for lateraltravel

of stage

Coarse

focus

tensionadjusting

ring

Coarse

focus

knob (range

38mm)

ine

focus

knob

one

rotation0.2mm,

range38mm)

Brightness

adjusting

dial

Mainswitch

Coarse

focus

Preset

lever

Cordconnector

2. ATTAC]IINO

THTLENSTS

Before attaching the objective

and the

eyepieceto the microscope,

clean the

outer lenssurfaces.

Even a light finger

mark may often interfere with image

contrast.

(1) Mounting

the

Objectives

Take special care when handling the

objectives.

Beforeattaching

theobjectives

to the nosepiecerevolver, lower the

microscope

stage sufficiently. Securing

each objective with the fingers

of one

hand, screw it into eachnosepiece

hole

with thoseof the other hand (Fig.

Microscope

model

S-Kt has

on the upper

srrrface of the noseniece

revolver

our

spots

indicated

@),O and

O (Fig.

4) lt

is advisableto mount the objectives

below the indication

spot in order

from

lowto high

powers

below:

example

o.... 4xobjective

....10Xobjective

....40Xobjective

@.. . ...looxobjective

When rotating the revolver, hold the Fig'

outer milled rim with your thumb and

first finger. Do not push the objective

barrelsbecausealignmentof the objec-

tives

maV

bedisturbed

Fis.

(2)Mounting

the

Eyepieces

For mounting,simply

put theeyepiece

into theeyepiecetube.lt is

recommend-

edthattheeyepiecebeleft inplace

even

whennot in use

in orderto prevent

the

entrance

of dust into theeyepiecetube.

Or insert

theeyepiececap

inplace

of the

removed

eyepiece.The inclined

eyepiece

tube,

trinocular,binocular

gr monocular,

canbe rotated

after

looseningtheclamp

screw,

for convenience

in viewing

from

anvdesired

direction

withoutmoving

the

microscopestand.By further releasing

the clamp screw (Fig. 5) the eyepiece

tube canbe removed

and replaced

with

another

type.

(3)Mountingthe

Gondenser

To mountthecondenser,

loosenthe

lock

screw.and insert the condenser

from

beneath

thecondenser

holderas

farasit

will go.

Then,tighten

the

lock

screw.

this

case

locatethediaphragm

eccentering

lever

and its screw

at a convenient

posi-

tionsoas

to facilitatetheirmanipulation

with one hand (Fig. 6). The correct

distance

for retainingimmersion

oil be-

tween

the lowersurface

of theslide

and

the too of condenser

is obtained

when

thecondenser

israisedto theupper

limit

byturning

thecondenser

focus

knob.

Fis.5

Fis.6

3. ITTlJ]t|I]{ATION

Resolution

and

image

contrast

are

greatly

affected

bythe

illumination

method.

(1)

Condenser

lris

Diaphragm

Stopdown the condenser

iris

diaphragm

and slideit in a radial

direction

from

centerto edge.

The morethe iris dia-

phragm

isoff-center,

thehigher

thecon-

trastandresolution.

Details

of theobject

are

distinguished

byincreased

and

unsym-

metrical

shadows

atthe

boundaries

(Fig.

7,a,bl.

When

the irisdiaphragm

positioned

asto let

thelightbundleenter

theobject

at an angleof inc.idence

equalto the

apertureangleof theobjective,

thereso-

lutionreaches

themaximum

andtwice

muchastheresolution

by central

illumi-

natron.

lf thediaphragmisfurther

decenteredto

suchan extent

to prevent

the light

bundleentering

the objective,

oblique

darkfield illumination

will beobtained

(Fig.

7,c).lf theiris

diaphragm

isopened

wide,images

by illumination

at various

angles

are

obtained.

An illumination

angle

unfavorablefor the object may be in-

uded.

In centralillumination

maximumresolu-

tionis

obtainedwhenthe

openingofthe

iris diaphragm

just corresponds

to the

apertureangleof the objective.

In this

case

excessiveouterrays

asused

fordark

field

illumination

arecutoff and

flare

minimized.lf the

opening

ismade

small-

er, contrastis enhanced,

althoughthe

resolution is lowered.

But if the iris

diaphragm is large enough to cover

60-700/0of the objective

aperture,the

decrease

of resolution

will not be pro-

nounceo.

lf thediaphragmis

stoppeddownto the

minimum

for admittingonlyvery

small

light

bundles,theeffects

of diffraction,

reflection,refraction,

etc., may be ex-

aggerated

so that fringes

may beseenat

the

image

edgeswhichmaylikely

induce

misinterpretationof the image,but it

(a)

Central

illumination (b) Obliqueillumination (c) Dark field illumination

Fig.7

may be effective

for special

occasions

(e.9.

definitionofthe

general

structureof

unstained

specimens).

(2)

LightSource

As already

discussed,

the irisdiaphragm

plays

an important

role

in illumination

for microscopy.

In principle,

the dia-

phragm

should

be so adjusted

that the

numericalaperture

of the condenser

equal

to thatof theobjectivebeing

used,

in order

to obtain

maximum

resolution.

ln practice,

however,

keeping

out stray

light

whlch

would

reduceimagecontrast

by closing

theaperture

of the

condenser

down to 60-700/o

of thatof theobjective

will bringabout good resultsin most

cases.

Thecoincidence

of condenser

dia-

phragm

aperture

with theaperture

(exit

pupil)

of theobjective

canbeascertained

by lookingdown the microscopetube

after

removingtheeyepieceand

closing

the diaphragm

slowly.

An experienced

user,

however,

may dispense

with this

procedure,

andobtain

thesame

resultby

adjusting

the diaphragm

opening

until

satisfactory

distinctness

of the image

obta

ined

lf high

resolutionand,atthesame

time,

high

contrastare

desirable,

oblique

illumi-

nation

maybe

effective.This

isespecially

suited

forlightlystainedspecimens,

trans-

Fig.I

parent phase

specimens,

etc. However,

withthis

illumination,

asharp

variation

contrast

and resolution

may appear;

may

benecessaryto change

thedirection

of illumination,

by turning

the

irisdia-

phragm.

The

condenser

aperture

maybedecenter-

any

direction

rotating

and

atthe

same

time

radiallysliding

thediaphragm.

This

manipulation

canbe

doneby only

using

one hand,the thumb and first

finger

for decentering

and the middle

fingerfor opening

or closing

the dia-

phragm.

(See

Fig.8)

(3)

Condenser

Focusing

Knob

Condenser

focusing

is accomplished

turning

thecondenser

focusing

knob.

This

manipulation

isnecessary

mainly

for

Koehler

type illumination

or dark

field

observation.

The condenser

is usually

placed

attheupper

limitand

need

not

lowered.

(4)Brightness

Adjustment

Theconventional

method

ofadiusting

the

brightness

of the microscope

lamphas

been by a rheostat or transformer,

whereby the voltage

or amPerage

cnangeo.

Either method,however,

is disadvan-

tageous

in thattheformer

produces

heat

and the latter,

due to its largesize,

presents

difficulty

in mounting

it inthe

microscope

base.

Modern,advanced

semi-conductor

tech-

nologyhas

provided

a facility

forchang-

ingthe flow time of electric

means.A

so-called

thyristor

ofextremely

small

size

hasbeen

developed

to enable

regulation

of the

brightness

of the

lamp,The

Micro-

scope

Model

S-Kt

has

adopted

this

type

of lightadjuster

built in the

microscope

Dase.

Turnthe

brightnessad

justing

wheel

atthe

side

of the

base,andthe

green

area

the

voltmeter

windowwill indicate

thevolt-

age,

increasing

asthewheel

isturnedin

thedirectionofthe

arrowbelowit.

(5) Preparation and Adjustment for

Observation

O AttachingtheLamp

Cord

As shownin Fig.

9, insert

the cord

connector,facing

the notch

upward,

and fasten

it by a clockwise

turn of

theoutside

lockring.

@ Attaching

theLamp

Socket

The lampsocket

isattached

asfol-

lows:

Insert the socket,

fitting the key

groove

accordingto themarkinS

(FiS.

10).Turnit clockwise

and

push

it in

Since

the

socketwill automatically

positioned

friction,

thereis

need

forfurther

justment.

Do not insert

the socket

fullv, but

leave

a clearance

of about2mm to

attainthe

brightestillumination.

O Centering

theRadiantField

Diaphragm

Usingthe 40X objective,

bringthe

specimen

into

sharp

focus.

Fully

the radiantfield

diaphragm.Move

the

condenser

lens vertically,

until a

sharply

focused

image

of the dia-

phragm

is obtained

on thespecimen

surface.Then, move

the diaphragm

imageto the center

by manipulating

thetwocentering

screws

(Fig.

11).

When

switchingto other objectives,

the diaphragmimage

may slightly

deviate

from the centered

position.

producing,

however,

no objectionable

resultsfor

routine

observation.

Fis.

Fig.10

Fig.

(6)Observation

Themicroscope

permits

observationwith

uniformly bright illuminationranging

from the 4X objectiveup to the oil-

immersion

100X

objective,

with no need

of changingtheillumination

system.

For

interference or phase-contrast

observa-

tion, turn the brightnessadjdsting

dial

(Fig.

12)

get

brighterimage

Notethat this

microscope

cannotbeused

for interference

phase-contrast

observa-

tion with the 100X oil-immersion,

be-

causeof insufficient

brightness.

It canbeused

with the40Xobjectivefor

up to a total magn

ificationof 400X,

when the illuminationls adiusted

for

maximum

brightness.

(7)Photomicrography

Comparedwith the NikonS-Ke

Micro-

scope,the

Model

S-Kt

will providephoto-

graphs

of somewhat

lower

contrast.

In monochromatic

photography,

good

contrast

can

obtained

by theuseof a

green

(monochrombtic)

filter.

In color

photomicrography.

asshownin

Fig. 13, the dial of the built-inlight

adjusterat the side

of the microscope

base

is to be set with the voltmeterin

PHOTO

position

(near

7.5V),where

the

green

area

fills

the

window.

UseNikonFilter

CBi65 orWratten58.

(8)Filters

Filters33mmin

diameter

areusedinthe

filter holder

beneaththecondenser

lens,

and 45mm diameterf

ilters abovethe

illuminationfield

lens.

Rri,rhtnocc :rlirrciino rl i:l

Fis.12

Fis.13

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