Micrel MICRF405 User manual

MICRF405

290MHz – 980MHz ISM Band

ASK / FSK Transmitter

MicroLead Frame and MLF are registered trademarks of Amkor Technologies

RadioWire is a registered trademark of Micrel, Inc.

Micrel Inc. • 2180 Fortune Drive • San Jose, CA 95131 • USA • tel +1 (408) 944-0800 • fax + 1 (408) 474-1000 • http://www.micrel.com

April 2006 M9999-041906

(408) 955-1690

General Description

The MICRF405 is a 290MHz-980MHz RF transmitter

IC designed for unlicensed ISM band operations. It's

designed to work in the North American 315MHz

and 915MHz bands as well as the European

433MHz and 868MHz bands. The device is fully

FCC Part 15.247 and EN300-220-compliant.

The transmitter consists of a FSK/ASK modulator,

PLL frequency synthesizer and a power amplifier.

The frequency synthesizer consists of a voltage-

controlled oscillator (VCO), a crystal oscillator, dual

modulus prescaler, programmable frequency

dividers and a phase-detector. The loop-filter can be

internal or external. The output power of the power

amplifier can be programmed to eight levels. A lock

detect circuit detects when the PLL is in lock.

In FSK mode, the user can select between three

different modulation types allowing a data rate up to

200kbps. When selecting FSK modulation applied

with dividers, the MICRF405 is switching between to

sets of register values (M0,N0,A0:"0" and M1,N1

and A1:"1"). The second modulation type is closed

loop VCO modulation using the internal modulator

that applies the modulated data to the VCO. The

third FSK modulation type is Open loop VCO

modulation.

In ASK modulation, the user can select between two

modulation types, with or without spreading. In both

modes the modulation depth is programmable.

RadioWire®

Features

•FSK/ASK transmitter

•Frequency programmable

•ASK modulation depth programmable

•High efficiency power amplifier

•Programmable output power

•Power down function

•MCU reference clock

•Base band package engine

•TX buffer

•No external tuning circuitry

Applications

•Meter reading

•Automotive

•Smart Home

•Remote control systems

•Residential Automation

•Wireless security system

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Table of Contents

General Description ................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Features..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Applications................................................................................................................................................................................ 1

Table of Contents....................................................................................................................................................................... 2

Ordering Information .................................................................................................................................................................. 3

Block Diagram............................................................................................................................................................................ 3

Pin Configuration........................................................................................................................................................................ 4

Absolute Maximum Ratings(1)..................................................................................................................................................... 5

Operating Ratings(2) ................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Electrical Characteristics............................................................................................................................................................ 5

Electrical Characteristics (cont.)................................................................................................................................................. 6

Data and Configuration Interface ............................................................................................................................................... 7

Programming Interface Timing .............................................................................................................................................. 8

Writing to the Control Registers in MICRF405....................................................................................................................... 9

What to write: ........................................................................................................................................................................ 9

How to write:.......................................................................................................................................................................... 9

The two different ways to “program the chip” are: ................................................................................................................. 9

Writing to a Single Register................................................................................................................................................... 9

How to write:.......................................................................................................................................................................... 9

Writing to All Registers ........................................................................................................................................................ 10

What to write ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10

How to write:........................................................................................................................................................................ 10

Writing to n Registers Having Incremental Addresses......................................................................................................... 10

What to write ....................................................................................................................................................................... 11

Writing to n Registers Having Non-Incremental Addresses................................................................................................. 12

Reading from the Control Registers in MICRF405 .............................................................................................................. 12

Reading from the Interrupt Register .................................................................................................................................... 12

Data Interface and Data Transfer............................................................................................................................................. 13

Packet Engine Overview: .................................................................................................................................................... 14

How to transmit a Packet with the Packet Engine: .............................................................................................................. 15

Programming Summary....................................................................................................................................................... 17

Main Modes of Operation......................................................................................................................................................... 18

Power Amplifier ........................................................................................................................................................................ 18

Frequency Synthesizer............................................................................................................................................................. 19

Crystal Oscillator (XCO)........................................................................................................................................................... 21

VCO ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 22

Charge Pump and PLL Filter.................................................................................................................................................... 24

Modulation................................................................................................................................................................................ 27

Bit rate settings.................................................................................................................................................................... 30

Modulator ............................................................................................................................................................................ 30

Deviation setting.................................................................................................................................................................. 31

Shaping ............................................................................................................................................................................... 31

Modulator saturation............................................................................................................................................................ 31

Lock Detect ......................................................................................................................................................................... 32

Low Dropout Regulator (LDO) and Low Battery Detector.................................................................................................... 33

Bit Description .......................................................................................................................................................................... 34

Typical Application Circuit ........................................................................................................................................................ 42

Package Information ................................................................................................................................................................ 45

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Ordering Information

Part Number Junction Temp. Range(1) Package

MICRF405YML –40° to +125°C PB-Free 24-Pin MLF®

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Block Diagram

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Pin Configuration

24-Pin MLF®(Top View)

Pin Number Pin Name Type Pin Function

1 VDD VDD

2 RFGND RF Ground

3 RFVDD RF VDD

4 RFOUT O RF output

5 RFGND RF Ground

6 NC Not connected

7 XTB O Crystal oscillator output

8 XTA I Crystal oscillator input

9 DVDD Digital VDD

10 DGND Digital ground

11 VDD VDD

12 LD O Lock Detect output

13 CLKOUT O Programmable Clock output

14 RDY/DATACLK O Transmit buffer Ready / Alternative Data clock

15 DATAIN I Alternative Data input

16 SCK I SPI clock

17 SIO I/O Serial input/output

18 SEN I Serial programming interface enable

19 SRV O Service interrupt pin

20 CPOUT O Charge pump output

21 VARIN I VCO varactor input

22 AGND Analog ground

23 AVDD Analog VDD

24 CIBIAS O Bias

25 HEATSINK Ground

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Absolute Maximum Ratings(1)

Supply Voltage (VDD)......................................... +3.7V

Voltage on any pin(3) (GND = 0V)... -0.3V to 3.7V

Lead Temperature (soldering, 20sec.)............. 260°C

Storage Temperature (Ts) ................ -55°C to +150°C

ESD Rating(4)

All pins except pin 4...................................... 2 kV

Pin 4 (RFOUT)............................................ 200 V

Operating Ratings(2)

Supply voltage (VIN)............................ +2.2V to +3.6V

RF Frequencies.......................... 290MHz to 980MHz

Data Rate (NRZ) ...........................................200kbps

Ambient Temperature (TA) .............. –40°C to +125°C

Package Thermal Resistance

MLF® (ΘJA) ............................................41.7°C/W

Electrical Characteristics

fRF = 915MHz. VDD = 3.0V; TA= 25°C, bold values indicate –40°C< TA< +125°C, unless noted.

Parameter Condition Min Typ Max Units

Freq_band=0 290 325 MHz

Freq_band=1 430 490 MHz

RF Frequency Operating Range

Freq_band=2-3 860 980 MHz

Power Supply 2.2 3.6 V

Power Down Current 0.3

µA

Standby Current ClkOut_en=0 200

µA

PLL mode current PA2-0=000, PA off 5.6 mA

VCO and PLL Section

Reference Frequency 4 40

MHz

1kHz loop filter bandwidth, Fphd=200kHz 7.0 ms

3kHz loop filter bandwidth, Fphd=500kHz 1.8 ms

PLL startup

30kHz loop filter bandwidth,

Fphd=1000kHz

140 µs

Standby-TX (PA on)

30kHz bandwidth

200

µs

Crystal Oscillator Start-Up Time 16MHz, 9pF load, XCO_Fast=1 300 µs

Charge Pump Current VCPOUT = 1.2V, CP_CUR = 3 100 µA

Transmit Section

RLOAD = 250Ω, Pa2-0=111 10 dBm

Output Power

RLOAD = 250Ω, Pa2-0=001 -7 dBm

Over temperature range 1.5 dB

Output Power Tolerance Over power supply range 3.0 dB

RLOAD = 150Ω, PA2-0=111 18 mA

RLOAD = 150Ω, PA2-0=001 9.6 mATx Current Consumption

RLOAD = 150Ω, PA2-0=000 5.6 mA

ASK=7 (OOK) 60 dB

Modulation depth ASK/OOK ASK=6 20 dB

Binary FSK Frequency Deviation(5) Bitrate = 200kbps 300

kHz

VCO modulation 20 200

kbps

Divider modulation 20

kbps

Data Rate(5)

ASK 50

kbps

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Electrical Characteristics (cont.)

Parameter Condition Min Typ Max Units

FSK 38.4kbps, β= 2, bandwidth for 99.5%

of total power, RBW=10kHz

130 kHz

FSK 125kbps, β= 2, bandwidth for 99.5%

of total power, RBW=30kHz

425 kHz

FSK 200kbps, β= 2, bandwidth for 99.5%

of total power, RBW=100kHz

750 kHz

Occupied bandwidth

ASK (OOK) 38.4kbps, bandwidth for 99.5%

of total power, RBW=10kHz

200 kHz

ASK 20dB modulation depth, 38.4kbps,

bandwidth for 99% of total power,

RBW=10kHz

120 kHz

2nd Harmonic -36 dBm

3rd Harmonic -54 dBm

Spurious Emission<1GHz -54 dBm

Spurious Emission>1GHz -41 dBm

LO Leakage

Measured with matching network

-80 dBm

Notes:

1. Exceeding the absolute maximum rating may damage the device.

2. The device is not guaranteed to function outside its operating rating.

3. On the pins RFVDD (3), PTATBIAS (6), DVDD (9), CPOUT (20), VARIN (21) and AVDD (23), the maximum input voltage should not

exceed 2.75V.

4. Devices are ESD sensitive. Handling precautions recommended. Pin 4, RFOUT, has less ESD protection (Human body model (HBM) of

200V and Charged Device Model (CDM) of 500V).

5. Guaranteed by design.

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Data and Configuration Interface

The user interface of the MICRF405 is a serial

peripheral interface (SPI) consisting of Serial

interface enable (SEN), Serial data input/output

(SIO) and Serial clock (SCK). This user interface is

used for MICRF405 configuration setup and can

also be used for sending the user data. A second

option is to transmit data bitwise using the DATAIN

pin. The RDY/DATACLK pin is used to synchronize

the data transfers.

The control word consists of 30 addressable bytes

and defines the way of operations as well as

transmitting data. Table 1 shows all 30 bytes. The

values specified are the default setup, which are

preset after power up. The first register is the

desktop register controlling the state of the 405, the

PA and clock-out for the microcontroller. The next

block of 10bytes sets the output radio frequency

through the dividers A, N and M. The bytes with

address 11 to 21 set the frequency band, modulation

type, bit rate, loop filter type and bandwidth, XCO

tuning etc. This block is not frequently used as these

settings are usually static application dependent.

Address 22 and 23 are mostly test bits, and are

seldom altered from default settings in applications.

The interrupt register, which is located at address

24, is read only (writing to it will not do any harm or

have any effect). The last 5 bytes are used when

transferring user data to transmit through the SPI.

The first four set the SyncID field in the packet, and

the last is the one byte data buffer.

Adr Data

A6..A0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

0000000 Mode1=0 Mode0=1 PA2=1 PA1=1 PA0=1 ClkOut_en=1 Sync_en=1 Load_en=1

0000001 - - A0_5=0 A0_4=0 A0_3=1 A0_2=1 A0_1=1 A0_0=0

0000010 - - - - N0_11=0 N0_10=0 N0_9=0 N0_8=0

0000011 N0_7=0 N0_6=1 N0_5=1 N0_4=1 N0_3=0 N0_2=0 N0_1=1 N0_0=1

0000100 - - - - M0_11=0 M0_10=0 M0_9=0 M0_8=0

0000101 M0_7=0 M0_6=0 M0_5=1 M0_4=0 M0_3=0 M0_2=0 M0_1=0 M0_0=1

0000110 - - A1_5=0 A1_4=1 A1_3=1 A1_2=1 A1_1=1 A1_0=1

0000111 - - - - N1_11=0 N1_10=0 N1_9=0 N1_8=0

0001000 N1_7=0 N1_6=1 N1_5=1 N1_4=0 N1_3=1 N1_2=1 N1_1=1 N1_0=1

0001001 - - - - M1_11=0 M1_10=0 M1_9=0 M1_8=0

0001010 M1_7=0 M1_6=0 M1_5=1 M1_4=0 M1_3=0 M1_2=0 M1_1=0 M1_0=0

0001011 LowBatt_en=1 Freq_Band1=0 Freq_Band0=1 VCO_freq2=0 VCO_freq1=1 VCO_freq0=1 Modulation1=1 Modulation0=0

0001100 LowBatt_level=0 LDO_by=0 LDO_en1=1 LDO_en0=1 MOD_LDc_en=0 PA_FEc_en=0 PA_LDc_en=0 LD_en=1

0001101 Bit_IO_en=1 Manchester_en=0 Sel_CRC1=1 Sel_CRC0=1 SyncID_Len1=0 SyncID_Len0=1 Pream_Len1=1 Pream_Len0=0

0001110 Mod_I4=0 Mod_I3=1 Mod_I2=0 Mod_I1=0 Mod_I0=1 Mod_A2=0 Mod_A1=1 Mod_A0=1

0001111 VCO_Fr_Chk=0 VCO_Fr_Auto=0 FSKn2=1 FSKn1=0 FSKn0=0 Mod_F2=1 Mod_F1=0 Mod_F0=0

0010000 0 Prescaler_Sel=0 FSKClk_K5=1 FSKClk_K4=1 FSKClk_K3=0 FSKClk_K2=1 FSKClk_K1=0 FSKClk_K0=0

0010001 ASK_PN_en=0 ASK_EN=0 ASKshape2=1 ASKshape1=1 ASKshape0=1 ASK2=1 ASK1=1 ASK0=1

0010010 ASKn1=1 ASKn0=0 ASKClk_K5=1 ASKClk_K4=1 ASKClk_K3=0 ASKClk_K2=1 ASKClk_K1=0 ASKClk_K0=0

0010011 INT_LF_EN=1 CP_CUR1=0 CP_CUR0=1 LF_RES1_4=0 LF_RES1_3=1 LF_RES1_2=0 LF_RES1_1=0 LF_RES1_0=1

0010100 LF_High_PM=1 LF_CAP1=1 LF_CAP0=1 LF_RES3_4=0 LF_RES3_3=0 LF_RES3_2=1 LF_RES3_1=0 LF_RES3_0=1

0010101 ClkOut_1=0 ClkOut_0=0 XCO_Fast=1 XCOtune4=1 XCOtune3=0 XCOtune2=0 XCOtune1=0 XCOtune0=0

0010110 INT_LF_TEST=0 VCO_IB2=0 VCO_IB1=0 VCO_IB0=0 VCO_by=0 OUTS2=0 OUTS1=0 OUTS0=0

0010111 PA_IB3=1 PA_IB2 =0 PA_IB1=0 PA_IB0=1 PAB_IB3=1 PAB_IB2=0 PAB_IB1=0 PAB_IB0=1

0011000 VCO_freq_O2 VCO_freq_O1 VCO_freq_O0 VC_HI VC_LO LOW_BATT

0011001 SyncID3_7=1 SyncID3_6=1 SyncID3_5=1 SyncID3_4=0 SyncID3_3=0 SyncID3_2=1 SyncID3_1=0 SyncID3_0=1

0011010 SyncID2_7=1 SyncID2_6=1 SyncID2_5=1 SyncID2_4=0 SyncID2_3=0 SyncID2_2=1 SyncID2_1=0 SyncID2_0=1

0011011 SyncID1_7=1 SyncID1_6=1 SyncID1_5=1 SyncID1_4=0 SyncID1_3=0 SyncID1_2=1 SyncID1_1=0 SyncID1_0=1

0011100 SyncID0_7=1 SyncID0_6=1 SyncID0_5=1 SyncID0_4=0 SyncID0_3=0 SyncID0_2=1 SyncID0_1=0 SyncID0_0=1

0011101 DATA_7 DATA_6 DATA_5 DATA_4 DATA_3 DATA_2 DATA_1 DATA_0

Table 1. Controlword MICRF405 (values preset at power-up).

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Programming Interface Timing

Figure 1 and Table 2 shows the timing specification

for the 3-wire serial programming interface.

Figure 1. Programming Interface Timing.

Values

Symbol

Parameter Min. Typ. Max.

Units

Tper Min. period of SCK 50 ns

Thigh Min. high time of SCK 20 ns

Tlow Min. low time of SCK 20 ns

Tfall Max. time of falling edge of SCK 1 µs

Trise Max. time of rising edge of SCK 1 µs

Tsenf Min. time of falling edge of SEN to falling edge of SCK 0 ns

Tsenr Min. delay from rising edge of SEN to rising edge of SCK 5 ns

Twrite Min. delay from valid SIO to falling edge of SCK during a

write operation 0 ns

Tread Min. delay from rising edge of SCK to valid SIO during a read

operation (assuming load capacitance of SIO is 25pF) 75 ns

Trdy Min. delay from falling edge of SCK (last bit of byte into data

buffer) to falling edge of RDY 20 ns

Thigh Min. duration of a SEN high pulse

(Fphd is the phase detector frequency) 1/Fphd

Time from power up to first falling edge of SEN 3.5 ms

Table 2. Timing Specification for the 3-wire Programming Interface.

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Writing to the Control Registers in MICRF405

Writing: A number of octets are entered into

MICRF405 followed by a load-signal to activate the

new setting. Making these events is referred to as a

“write sequence.” It is possible to update all, 1, or n

control registers in a write sequence. The address to

write to (or the first address to write to) can be any

valid address (0-29). The SIO line is always an input

to the MICRF405 (output from user) when writing.

What to write:

•The address of the control register to write to (or

if more than 1 control register should be written

to, the address of the 1st control register to write

to).

•A bit to enable reading or writing of the control

registers. This bit is called the R/W bit.

•The values to write into the control register(s).

Field Comments

Address: A 7-bit field, ranging from 0 to 29. MSB is written first.

R/W bit: A 1-bit field, = “0” for writing

Values: A number of octets (1-30 octets). MSB in every octet is written first. The first octet is written to the control

Table 3. Writing to the Control Registers.

How to write:

Bring SEN low to start a write sequence. The active

state of the SEN line is “low”. Use the SCK/SIO

serial interface to clock in “Address” and “R/W” bit

and “Values” into the MICRF405. MICRF405 will

sample the SIO line at negative edges of SCK. Make

sure to change the state of the SIO line before the

negative edge, for instance on positive edge. Refer

to Figure 2.

Bring SEN inactive to make an internal load-signal

and complete the write-sequence. Note: there is an

exception to this point. If the programming bit called

“load_en” (D0 in ControlRegister0) is “0”, then no

load pulse is generated.

The two different ways to “program the chip”

are:

•Write to a number of control registers (0-29)

when the registers have incremental addresses

(write to 1, all or n registers)

•Write to a number of control registers when the

registers have non-incremental addresses.

Writing to a Single Register

Writing to a control register with address “A6, A5,

…A0” is described here. During operation, writing to

1 register is sufficient to change the way the

transmitter works. Typical example: Change from

transmit mode to power-down.

Field Comments

Address: 7 bit = A6, A5, …A0 (A6 = MSB. A0 = LSB)

R/W bit: “0” for writing

Values: 8 bits = D7, D6, …D0 (D7 = MSB, D0 = LSB)

Table 4. When writing to a Single Register, totally 2 octets are clocked into the MICRF405.

How to write:

•Bring SEN low

•Use SCK and SIO to clock in the 2 octets

•Bring SEN high

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SEN

SIO

SCK

into register

Internal load pulse

generated here

A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 R/W D7 D6D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Figure 2. Writing to One Address.

In Figure 2, SIO is changed at positive edges of

SCK. The MICRF405 samples the SIO line at

negative edges. The value of the R/W bits is always

“0” for writing.

Writing to All Registers

Writing to all register can be done at any time. To

get the simplest firmware, always write to all

registers. The price to pay for the simplicity is

increased write-time, which leads to increased time

to change the way the MICRF405 works. If data is

transferred through DATAIN pin write address 0-23

(address 24-29 is don’t care). If data is transferred

through SPI write address 0-28 (Address 29 is only

written to during data transfer, not during

configuration).

What to write

Field Comments

Address: ‘0000000’ (address of the first register to write to, which is 0)

R/W bit: “0” for writing

Values: 1st Octet: wanted values for ControlRegister0. 2nd Octet: wanted values for ControlRegister1 and

so on for all of the octets.

Table 5. When writing to All Registers, totally 25/30 (5 are optional) octets are clocked into the MICRF405.

How to write:

•Bring SEN low

•Use SCK and SIO to clock in the 25/30 octets

•Bring SEN high

Refer to Figure 3. Writing to n Registers Having

Incremental Addresses.

Writing to n Registers Having Incremental

Addresses

In addition to entering all bytes, it is also possible to

enter a set of n bytes, starting from address i = “A6,

A5, … A0”. Typical example: Clock in a new set of

frequency dividers (i.e. change the RF frequency).

Registers to be written are located in i, i+1, i+2.

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