Linear Technology LT3591 User manual

LT3591

3591f

■Cellular Phones

■PDAs, Handheld Computers

■Digital Cameras

■MP3 Players

■GPS Receivers

TYPICAL APPLICATION

FEATURES

APPLICATIONS

DESCRIPTION

White LED Driver with

Integrated Schottky in

3mm ×2mm DFN

The LT

3591 is a ﬁxed frequency step-up DC/DC converter

speciﬁcally designed to drive up to ten white LEDs in series

from a Li-Ion cell. Series connection of the LEDs provides

identical LED currents resulting in uniform brightness

and eliminating the need for ballast resistors. The device

features a unique high side LED current sense that enables

the part to function as a “one wire current source;” one

side of the LED string can be returned to ground anywhere,

allowing a simpler one wire LED connection. Traditional

LED drivers use a grounded resistor to sense LED current,

requiring a 2-wire connection to the LED string.

The high switching frequency allows the use of tiny induc-

tors and capacitors. A single pin performs both shutdown

and accurate LED dimming control. Few external compo-

nents are needed: open-LED protection and the Schottky

diode are all contained inside a low proﬁle 3mm ×2mm

DFN package.

Li-Ion Driver for Ten White LEDs

■Drives Up to Ten White LEDs from a 3V Supply

■High Side Sense Allows “One Wire Current Source”

■Internal Schottky Diode

■One Pin Dimming and Shutdown

■80:1 True Color PWM

Dimming Range

■42V Open LED Protection

■1MHz Switching Frequency

■±5% Reference Accuracy

■V

IN Range: 2.5V to 12V

■Requires Only 2.2µF Output Capacitor

■Low Proﬁle 8-Lead DFN Package

(3mm ×2mm ×0.75mm)

Conversion Efﬁciency

CTRL

VIN

22µH

VIN

3V TO 5V

RSENSE

10Ω

3591 TA01a

LT3591

SHUTDOWN AND

DIMMING CONTROL

CAP

LED

GND 2.2µF

1µF

LED CURRENT (mA)

EFFICIENCY (%)

3591 TA01b

510 15

VIN = 3.6V

10 LEDs

, LT, LTC and LTM are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation.

True Color PWM is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are

the property of their respective owners.

LT3591

3591f

PACKAGE/ORDER INFORMATION

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

Input Voltage (VIN)................................................... 12V

CTRL Voltage ........................................................... 12V

SW Voltage .............................................................. 45V

CAP Voltage ............................................................. 45V

LED Voltage ............................................................. 45V

Operating Junction Temperature Range

(Note 2) ...............................................–40°C to 85°C

Maximum Junction Temperature ........................ 125°C

Storage Temperature Range...................–65°C to 150°C

(Note 1)

Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings

may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute

Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device

reliability and lifetime.

PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS

Minimum Operating Voltage 2.5 V

LED Current Sense Voltage (VCAP – VLED)V

CAP = 24V, ISW = 300mA ●190 200 210 mV

CAP Pin Bias Current VCAP = 36V, VLED = 35.8V 40 80 µA

LED Pin Bias Current VCAP = 36V, VLED = 35.8V 20 40 µA

Supply Current VCAP = 24V, VLED = 23V

CTRL = 0V

µA

Switching Frequency 0.75 1 1.2 MHz

Maximum Duty Cycle 92 94 %

Switch Current Limit ●500 800 mA

Switch VCESAT ISW = 300mA 200 mV

Switch Leakage Current VSW = 24V 0.1 5 µA

VCTRL for Full LED Current VCAP = 44V ●1.5 V

VCTRL to Shut Down IC 50 mV

VCTRL to Turn On IC ●100 mV

CTRL Pin Bias Current 100 nA

CAP Pin Overvoltage Protection ●40 42 44 V

Schottky Forward Drop ISCHOTTKY = 200mA 0.8 V

Schottky Leakage Current VR= 30V 4 µA

TOP VIEW

DDB PACKAGE

8-LEAD (3mm ×2mm) PLASTIC DFN

1VIN

GND

CTRL

LED

CAP

TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 76°C/W

EXPOSED PAD (PIN 9) SHOULD BE CONNECTED TO PCB GROUND

ORDER PART NUMBER DDB PART MARKING

LT3591EDDB LCPG

Order Options Tape and Reel: Add #TR

Lead Free: Add #PBF Lead Free Tape and Reel: Add #TRPBF

Lead Free Part Marking: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/

Consult LTC Marketing for parts speciﬁed with wider operating temperature ranges.

The ●denotes the speciﬁcations which apply over the full operating

temperature range, otherwise speciﬁcations are at TA= 25°C. VIN = 3V, VCTRL = 3V, unless otherwise speciﬁed.

Note 2: The LT3591E is guaranteed to meet performance speciﬁcations

from 0°C to 85°C operating junction temperature range. Speciﬁcations

over the –40°C to 85°C operating junction temperature range are assured

by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls.

LT3591

3591f

TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

Switch Saturation Voltage

(VCESAT)

Schottky Forward Voltage Drop

Shutdown Current (VCTRL = 0V)

Sense Voltage (VCAP – VLED)

vs VCTRL

Open-Circuit Output

Clamp Voltage

Input Current in Output

Open Circuit

Switching Waveform

Transient Response

SWITCH CURRENT (mA)

500

400

300

200

100

0300 600

3591 G01

100 200 400 800700

500

SWITCH SATURATION VOLTAGE (mV)

–50°C

125°C

25°C

SCHOTTKY FORWARD DROP (mV)

SCHOTTKY FORWARD CURRENT (mA)

200

300

3591 G02

100

600

500

400

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

–50°C

125°C

25°C

VIN (V)

SHUTDOWN CURRENT (µA)

3591 G03

0369

–50°C

125°C

25°C

VCTRL (mV)

SENSE VOLTAGE (mV)

120

3591 G04

240

200

160

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

–50°C

25°C

125°C

VIN (V)

OUTPUT CLAMP VOLTAGE (V)

3591 G05

40 369

–50°C

125°C

25°C

VIN (V)

INPUT CURRENT (mA)

36 912

3591 G06

–50°C

125°C

25°C

VSW

20V/DIV

VCAP

50mV/DIV

200mA/DIV

VIN = 3.6V

FRONT PAGE

APPLICATION CIRCUIT

500ms/DIV 3591 G07

VCTRL

5V/DIV

VCAP

5V/DIV

500mA/DIV

VIN = 3.6V

FRONT PAGE

APPLICATION CIRCUIT

1ms/DIV 3591 G08

TA= 25°C, unless otherwise speciﬁed.

LT3591

3591f

VIN (V)

QUIESCENT CURRENT (mA)

36 912

3591 G09

–50°C

125°C

25°C

TEMPERATURE (°C)

CURRENT LIMIT (mA)

400

1000

3591 G10

200

600

800

–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 –50 25 75

–25 0 50 100 125

TEMPERATURE (°C)

SCHOTTKY LEAKAGE CURRENT (µA)

3591 G11

VR= 10V

VR= 16V

VR= 20V

TEMPERATURE (°C)

–50 –25

OUTPUT CLAMP VOLTAGE (V)

050 75

3591 G12

25 100 125

TEMPERATURE (°C)

–50

INPUT CURRENT (mA)

25 75

3591 G13

–25 0 50 100 125

VIN = 3V

TEMPERATURE (°C)

–50

SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz)

25 75

3591 G14

–25 0 50 100 125

1000

1050

1100

950

900

750

800

850

1200

1150

TEMPERATURE (°C)

–50

MAXIMUM DUTY CYCLE (%)

25 75

3591 G15

–25 0 50 100 125

100

VCAP (V)

SENSE VOLTAGE (mV)

20 30

3591 G16

10 15 25 35

204

200

196

188

192

208

–50°C

125°C

25°C

TEMPERATURE (°C)

–50 –25

188

SENSE VOLTAGE (mV)

196

208

050 75

3591 G17

192

204

200

25 100 125

TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

Quiescent Current

(VCTRL = 3V) Current Limit vs Temperature

Schottky Leakage Current

vs Temperature

Open-Circuit Output Clamp

Voltage vs Temperature

Input Current in Output Open

Circuit vs Temperature

Switching Frequency

vs Temperature

Maximum Duty Cycle

vs Temperature

Sense Voltage (VCAP – VLED)

vs VCAP

Sense Voltage (VCAP – VLED)

vs Temperature

TA= 25°C, unless otherwise speciﬁed.

LT3591

3591f

BLOCK DIAGRAM

PIN FUNCTIONS

VIN (Pin 1): Input Supply Pin. Must be locally bypassed.

GND (Pin 2): Ground Pin. Should be tied directly to local

ground plane.

SW (Pin 4): Switch Pin. Minimize trace area at this pin to

minimize EMI. Connect the inductor at this pin.

CAP (Pin 5): Output of the Driver. This pin is connected

to the cathode of internal Schottky. Connect the output

capacitor to this pin and the sense resistor from this pin

to the LED pin.

LED (Pin 7): Connection Point for the Anode of the First

LED and the Sense Resistor. The LED current can be

programmed by :

ImV

LED SENSE

=200

CTRL (Pin 8): Dimming and Shutdown Pin. Connect this

pin below 50mV to disable the driver. As the pin voltage

is ramped from 0V to 1.5V, the LED current ramps from

0 to ILED ( = 200mV/RSENSE). The CTRL pin must not be

left ﬂoating.

Exposed Pad (Pin 9): Ground. The Exposed Pad must

be soldered to PCB ground to achieve the rated thermal

performance.

–

CAP

VIN

DRIVER

OVERVOLTAGE

PROTECTION

RAMP

GENERATOR

OSCILLATOR

VREF

1.25V

START-UP

CONTROL

SHDN

–

LED

3591 F01

CTRL GND

–

A = 6.25

PWM

COMP

Figure 1. Block Diagram

LT3591

3591f

Figure 2. Switching Waveforms

OPERATION

The LT3591 uses a constant frequency, current mode

control scheme to provide excellent line and load regula-

tion. Operation can be best understood by referring to the

Block Diagram in Figure 1.

At power-up, the capacitor at the CAP pin is charged up

to VIN (input supply voltage) through the inductor and

the internal Schottky diode. If CTRL is pulled higher than

100mV, the bandgap reference, the start-up bias and the

oscillator are turned on. At the start of each oscillator cycle,

the power switch Q1 is turned on. A voltage proportional

to the switch current is added to a stabilizing ramp and the

resulting sum is fed into the positive terminal of the PWM

comparator, A2. When this voltage exceeds the level at the

negative input of A2, the PWM logic turns off the power

switch. The level at the negative input of A2 is set by the

error ampliﬁer A1, and is simply an ampliﬁed version of

the difference between the VCAP and VLED voltage and the

bandgap reference. In this manner the error ampliﬁer, A1,

sets the correct peak current level in inductor L1 to keep

the output in regulation. The CTRL pin is used to adjust

the LED current. The LT3591 enters into shutdown when

CTRL is pulled lower than 50mV.

Minimum Output Current

The LT3591 can drive a 2-LED string at 2mA LED current

without pulse skipping using the same external compo-

nents shown in the application circuit on the front page of

this data sheet. As current is further reduced, the device

will begin skipping pulses. This will result in some low

frequency ripple, althoughthe average LED currentremains

regulated down to zero. The photo in Figure 2 details circuit

operation driving two white LEDs at 2mA load. Peak induc-

tor current is less than 40mA and the regulator operates

in discontinuous mode, meaning the inductor current

reacheszeroduring the discharge phase. After the inductor

current reaches zero, the SW pin exhibits ringing due to

the LC tank circuit formed by the inductor in combination

with the switch and the diode capacitance. This ringing is

not harmful; far less spectral energy is contained in the

ringing than in the switch transitions.

VSW

5V/DIV

20mA/DIV

VIN = 4.2V

ILED = 2mA

2 LEDs

500ns/DIV 3591 F02

LT3591

3591f

INDUCTOR SELECTION

A 22µH inductor is recommended for most LT3591 ap-

plications. Although small size and high efﬁciency are

major concerns, the inductor should have low core losses

at 1MHz and low DCR (copper wire resistance). Some

small inductors in this category are listed in Table 1. The

efﬁciency comparison of different inductors is shown in

Figure 3.

Table 1. Recommended Inductors

PART

(µH)

CURRENT

RATING

(mA)

MAX

DIMENSION

L × W × H

(mm) VENDOR

VLF4012AT-

220MR51

22 510 4× 3.8 × 1.2 TDK

www.tdk.com

VLCF4018T-

220MR49-2

22 490 4.1 × 4.1 × 1.8

VLCF4020T-

220MR56

22 560 4.1 × 4.1 × 2

LQH43CN220K03 22 420 4.8 × 3.4 × 2.8 Murata

www.murata.com

NR4018T220M 22 590 4.2 × 4.2 × 1.8 Taiyo Yuden

www.t-yuden.com

NR4012T220M 22 510 4.2 × 4.2 × 1.2

CDRH3D18-

220NC

22 600 4 × 4× 2Sumida

www.sumida.com

B82470-A1223-M 22 480 4.8 × 4.8 × 1.2 Epcos

www.epcos.com

APPLICATIONS INFORMATION

CAPACITOR SELECTION

The small size of ceramic capacitors make them ideal for

LT3591 applications. Use only X5R and X7R types because

they retain their capacitance over wider temperature

ranges than other types such as Y5V or Z5U. A 1µF input

capacitor and a 50V, 2.2µF output capacitor are sufﬁcient

for most applications.

A limited number of manufacturers produce small 50V

capacitors. Table 2 shows a list of several recommended

50V capacitors. Consult the manufacturer for detailed

information on their entire selection of ceramic parts.

Table 2. Recommended Output Capacitors

PART

(µF)

VOLTAGE CASE SIZE

VENDORTEMP.

HEIGHT

(mm)

GRM21BR71H105KA12L 1 50V 0805 Murata

www.murata.com

X7R 1.25 ± 0.15

GRM31MR71H105KA88 1 50V 1206

X7R 1.15 ± 0.1

GRM31CR71H225KA88 2.2 50V 1206

X7R 1.6 ± 0.2

GRM31CR71H475KA12L 4.7 50V 1206

X7R 1.6 ± 0.2

UMK316BJ475KL-T 4.7 50V 1206 Taiyo Yuden

www.t-yuden.com

X7R 1.6 ± 0.2

Figure 3. Efﬁciency Comparison of Different Inductors

LED CURRENT (mA)

EFFICIENCY (%)

510

3591 F03

15 20

TAIYO YUDEN NR4018T220M

TDK VLCF4018T-220MR49-2

TAIYO YUDEN NR4012T220M

TDKVLCF4012AT-220MR51

MURATA LQH43CN220K03

TDK VLCF4020T-220MR56

SUMIDA CDRH3D18-220NC

EPCOS B82470-A1223-M

VIN = 3.6V

10 LEDs

LT3591

3591f

APPLICATIONS INFORMATION

SCHOTTKY DIODE

The LT3591 has a built-in Schottky diode. The internal

schottky saves board space in space constrained appli-

cations. In less space sensitive applications, an external

schottky diode connected between the SW node and the

CAP node increases efﬁciency one to two percent. It is

important to use a properly rated schottky diode that can

handle the peak switch current of the LT3591. In addition,

the schottkydiode must havea breakdownvoltage of atleast

40V along with a low forward voltage in order to achieve

higher efﬁciency. One recommended external schottky

diode for the LT3591 is the Phillips PMEG4005AEA.

OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION

The LT3591 has an internal open-circuit protection circuit.

In the cases of output open circuit, when the LEDs are

disconnected from the circuit or the LEDs fail open circuit,

VCAP is clamped at 42V (typ). The LT3591 will then switch

at a very low frequency to minimize input current. The VCAP

and input current during output open circuit are shown in

the Typical Performance Characteristics. Figure 4 shows

the transient response when the LEDs are disconnected.

For low DCR inductors, which is usually the case for this

application, the peak inrush current can be simpliﬁed as

follows:

PK IN

=⎛

⎝

⎜⎞

⎠

⎟

–.

•• exp – •

•

•–

ωrr

4•

where L is the inductance, r is the DCR of the inductor

and C is the output capacitance.

Table 3 gives inrush peak currents for some component

selections.

Table 3. Inrush Peak Currents

VIN (V) r (Ω)L(µH) COUT (µF) IP(A)

4.2 0.3 22 2.2 1.06

4.2 0.71 22 2.2 0.96

4.2 0.58 15 1 0.83

4.2 1.6 15 1 0.68

PROGRAMMING LED CURRENT

The feedback resistor (RSENSE) and the sense voltage

(VCAP – VLED) control the LED current.

The CTRL pin controls the sense reference voltage as

shown in the Typical Performance Characteristics. For

CTRL higher than 1.5V, the sense reference is 200mV,

which results in full LED current. In order to have accurate

LED current, precision resistors are preferred (1% is rec-

ommended). The formula and table for RSENSE selection

are shown below.

RmV

SENSE LED

=200

VCAP

20V/DIV

500mA/DIV

VIN = 3.6V

CIRCUIT OF

FRONT PAGE

APPLICATION

LEDs DISCONNECTED

AT THIS INSTANT

500µs/DIV 3591 F04

Figure 4. Output Open-Circuit Waveform

INRUSH CURRENT

The LT3591 has a built-in Schottky diode. When supply

voltage is applied to the VIN pin, an inrush current ﬂows

through the inductor and the Schottky diode and charges

up the CAP voltage. The Schottky diode inside the LT3591

can sustain a maximum current of 1A.

LT3591

3591f

APPLICATIONS INFORMATION

Table 4. RSENSE Value Selection for 200mV Sense

ILED (mA) RSENSE (Ω)

540

10 20

15 13.3

20 10

DIMMING CONTROL

There are three different types of dimming control circuits.

The LED current can be set by modulating the CTRL pin

with a DC voltage, a ﬁltered PWM signal or directly with

a PWM signal.

Using a DC Voltage

For some applications, the preferred method of brightness

control is a variable DC voltage to adjust the LED current.

The CTRL pin voltage can be modulated to set the dim-

ming of the LED string. As the voltage on the CTRL pin

increases from 0V to 1.5V, the LED current increases from

0 to ILED. As the CTRL pin voltage increases beyond 1.5V,

it has no effect on the LED current.

The LED current can be set by:

ImV

Rwhen V V

LED SENSE CTRL

LED CTRL

≈>

≈

200 15

.225 125

•,.

Rwhen V V

SENSE CTRL <

Feedback voltage variation versus control voltage is given

in the Typical Performance Characteristics.

Using a Filtered PWM Signal

A ﬁltered PWM signal can be used to control the

brightness of the LED string. The PWM signal is ﬁltered

(Figure 5) by a RC network and fed to the CTRL pin.

The corner frequency of R1, C1 should be much lower

than the frequency of the PWM signal. R1 needs to be

much smaller than the internal impedance of the CTRL

pin which is 10MΩ(typ).

Direct PWM Dimming

Changing the forward current ﬂowing in the LEDs not only

changes the intensity of the LEDs, it also changes the color.

The chromaticity of the LEDs changes with the change in

forward current. Many applications cannot tolerate any

shift in the color of the LEDs. Controlling the intensity of

the LEDs with a direct PWM signal allows dimming of the

LEDs without changing the color. In addition, direct PWM

dimming offers a wider dimming range to the user.

Dimming the LEDs via a PWM signal essentially involves

turning the LEDs on and off at the PWM frequency. The

typical human eye has a limit of ~60 frames per second.

By increasing the PWM frequency to ~80Hz or higher,

the eye will interpret that the pulsed light source is con-

tinuously on. Additionally, by modulating the duty cycle

(amount of “on-time”), the intensity of the LEDs can be

controlled. The color of the LEDs remains unchanged in

this scheme since the LED current value is either zero or

a constant value.

Figure 6 shows a Li-Ion powered driver for ten white LEDs.

Direct PWM dimming method requires an external NMOS

tied between the cathode of the lowest LED in the string

LT3591

CTRL

0.1µF

PWM

10kHz TYP

3591 F05

100k

Figure 5. Dimming Control Using a Filtered PWM Signal

CTRL

PWM

FREQ

VIN

22µH

VIN

3V TO

RSENSE

10Ω

3591 F06

LT3591

CAP

LED

100k

GND

2.2µF

Si2308

1µF

Figure 6. Li-Ion to Ten White LEDs with Direct PWM Dimming

LT3591

3591f

and ground as shown in Figure 6. A Si2308 MOSFET can

be used since its source is connected to ground. The PWM

signal is applied to the CTRL pin of the LT3591 and the gate

of the MOSFET. The PWM signal should traverse between

0V to 5V, to ensure proper turn on and off of the driver

and the NMOS transistor Q1. When the PWM signal goes

high, the LEDs are connected to ground and a current of

ILED = 200mV/RSENSE ﬂows through the LEDs. When the

PWM signal goes low, the LEDs are disconnected and

turn off. The MOSFET ensures that the LEDs quickly turn

off without discharging the output capacitor which in turn

allows the LEDs to turn on faster. Figure 7 shows the PWM

dimming waveforms for the circuit in Figure 6.

APPLICATIONS INFORMATION

The calculations show that for a 100Hz signal the dimming

range is 83 to 1. In addition, the minimum PWM duty cycle

of 1.2% ensures that the LED current has enough time

to settle to its ﬁnal value. Figure 8 shows the dimming

range achievable for different frequencies with a settling

time of 120µs.

500mA/DIV

ILED

20mA/DIV

PWM

5V/DIV

VIN = 3.6V

10 LEDs

2ms/DIV 3591 F07

Figure 7. Direct PWM Dimming Waveforms

The time it takes for the LED current to reach its pro-

grammed value sets the achievable dimming range for a

given PWM frequency. For example, the settling time of

the LED current in Figure 7 is approximately 120µs for a

3.6V input voltage. The achievable dimming range for this

application and 100Hz PWM frequency can be determined

using the following method.

Example:

== =

100 120

100 001

Hz t µs

SETTLE

PERIOD

DDim Range t

µs

PERIOD

SETTLE

.:===

001

120 83 1

nn Duty Cycle t

µs

SETTLE

PERIOD

•.

==100 120

001 ••.%

%.%

100 1 2

100 1 2 100

=→Duty Cycle Range at HHz

PWM DIMMING FREQUENCY (Hz)

PWM DIMMING RANGE

100

1000

10000

100 1000 10000

3591 F08

PULSING MAY BE VISIBLE

Figure 8. Dimming Range vs Frequency

In addition to extendingthe dimming range, PWMdimming

improves the efﬁciency of the converter for LED currents

below 20mA. Figure 9 shows the efﬁciency for traditional

analog dimming of the front page application and PWM

dimming of the application in Figure 6.

Figure 9. PWM vs Analog Dimming Efﬁciency

LED CURRENT (mA)

EFFICIENCY (%)

3591 F09

55 510 15

PWM DIMMING

ANALOG DIMMING

VIN = 3.6V

10 LEDs

Table of contents

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